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| {{Youmay|squirrel|[[Alphonse (cat)|the cat]] or [[Alfonz|the person]]}}{{Character infobox | | {{Youmay|squirrel|[[Alphonse (cat)|the cat]] or [[Alfonz|the person]]}} |
| | {{Character infobox |
| |image = Alphonse squirrel.png | | |image = Alphonse squirrel.png |
| |character name = Alphonse | | |character name = Alphonse |
| Line 6: |
Line 7: |
| |complexion = Gray | | |complexion = Gray |
| |job = [[Sock Exchange]] worker | | |job = [[Sock Exchange]] worker |
| |cartoon first appeared = "[[The Great Lint Rush]]"}}'''Alphonse'''<ref>[[:File:Alphonse squirrel name proof.png]]</ref> is a squirrel who works for [[Mr. Toad]] and [[Toady]], at the [[Sock Exchange]]. He has only been seen in "[[The Great Lint Rush]]". | | |cartoon_debut = "[[The Great Lint Rush]]"}} |
| | | '''Alphonse'''<ref>[[Media:Alphonse squirrel name proof.png]]</ref> is a squirrel who works for [[Mr. Toad]] and [[Toady]], at the [[Sock Exchange]]. He has only been seen in "[[The Great Lint Rush]]". |
| ☀rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| |
| | |
| '''Acute toxicity''' describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure<sup>[1]</sup> or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).<sup>[2]</sup> To be described as ''acute'' toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
| |
| | |
| It is widely considered unethical to use humans as '''test''' subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, ''in vitro'' testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.<sup>[1][3]</sup>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [hide]
| |
| * 1Measures of acute toxicity
| |
| ** 1.1Regulatory values
| |
| ** 1.2Experimental values
| |
| * 2Responses and treatments
| |
| * 3References
| |
| | |
| == Measures of acute toxicity[edit] ==
| |
| | |
| === Regulatory values[edit] ===
| |
| Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
| |
| * Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| | |
| === Experimental values[edit] ===
| |
| * no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
| |
| * Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
| |
| * Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC<sub>0</sub>; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD<sub>0</sub>
| |
| * Minimum lethal concentration, LC<sub>min</sub>; Minimum lethal dose, LD<sub>min</sub>
| |
| * Median lethal concentration, LC<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal dose, LD<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal time, LT<sub>50</sub> (LT50)
| |
| * Absolute lethal concentration, LC<sub>100</sub>; Absolute lethal dose, LD<sub>100</sub>
| |
| The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
| |
| | |
| == Responses and treatments[edit] ==
| |
| When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
| |
| * Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
| |
| * Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
| |
| * Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
| |
| | |
| == References[edit] ==
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
| |
| # '''Jump up^'''
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
| |
| {| class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |[hide]
| |
| * <abbr>v</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>t</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>e</abbr>
| |
| Toxicology
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * History of poison
| |
| * Toxinology
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fields
| |
| |
| |
| * Aquatic toxicology
| |
| * Ecotoxicology
| |
| * Occupational toxicology
| |
| * Entomotoxicology
| |
| * Environmental toxicology
| |
| * Forensic toxicology
| |
| * Medical toxicology
| |
| * In vitro toxicology
| |
| * Toxicogenomics
| |
| |-
| |
| !Concepts
| |
| |
| |
| * Acceptable daily intake
| |
| * Acute toxicity
| |
| * Bioaccumulation
| |
| * Biomagnification
| |
| * Fixed Dose Procedure
| |
| * Lethal dose
| |
| * Poison
| |
| * Toxic capacity
| |
| * Toxicant
| |
| ** Toxin
| |
| * Toxicity Class
| |
| * Venom
| |
| |-
| |
| !Treatments
| |
| |
| |
| * Activated carbon
| |
| * Antidote
| |
| * Cathartic
| |
| * Chelation therapy
| |
| * Gastric lavage
| |
| * Hemodialysis
| |
| * Hemoperfusion
| |
| * Whole bowel irrigation
| |
| |-
| |
| !Incidents
| |
| |
| |
| * 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| |
| * 2007 pet food recalls
| |
| * Bhopal disaster
| |
| * Minamata disease
| |
| * Niigata Minamata disease
| |
| * Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
| |
| * Seveso disaster
| |
| * Consumption of Tide Pods
| |
| * List of poisonings
| |
| |-
| |
| !Related topics
| |
| |
| |
| * Biological warfare
| |
| * Carcinogen
| |
| * Food safety
| |
| * Hazard symbol
| |
| * List of extremely hazardous substances
| |
| * Mutagen
| |
| * Occupational safety and health
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * '''Category'''
| |
| * '''Commons'''
| |
| * '''WikiProject'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Categories:
| |
| * Toxicology
| |
| | |
| == Navigation menu ==
| |
| * Not logged in
| |
| * Talk
| |
| * Contributions
| |
| * Create account
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| * Log in
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| * Main page
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| * Contents
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| * Featured content
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| * Current events
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| * Random article
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| * Català
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| * 한국어
| |
| * Simple English
| |
| * Suomi
| |
| Edit links
| |
| * This page was last edited on 4 March 2017, at 19:45.
| |
| * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
| |
| ☀rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| |
| | |
| '''Acute toxicity''' describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure<sup>[1]</sup> or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).<sup>[2]</sup> To be described as ''acute'' toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
| |
| | |
| It is widely considered unethical to use humans as '''test''' subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, ''in vitro'' testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.<sup>[1][3]</sup>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [hide]
| |
| * 1Measures of acute toxicity
| |
| ** 1.1Regulatory values
| |
| ** 1.2Experimental values
| |
| * 2Responses and treatments
| |
| * 3References
| |
| | |
| == Measures of acute toxicity[edit] ==
| |
| | |
| === Regulatory values[edit] ===
| |
| Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
| |
| * Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| | |
| === Experimental values[edit] ===
| |
| * no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
| |
| * Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
| |
| * Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC<sub>0</sub>; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD<sub>0</sub>
| |
| * Minimum lethal concentration, LC<sub>min</sub>; Minimum lethal dose, LD<sub>min</sub>
| |
| * Median lethal concentration, LC<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal dose, LD<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal time, LT<sub>50</sub> (LT50)
| |
| * Absolute lethal concentration, LC<sub>100</sub>; Absolute lethal dose, LD<sub>100</sub>
| |
| The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
| |
| | |
| == Responses and treatments[edit] ==
| |
| When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
| |
| * Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
| |
| * Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
| |
| * Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
| |
| | |
| == References[edit] ==
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
| |
| # '''Jump up^'''
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
| |
| {| class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |[hide]
| |
| * <abbr>v</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>t</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>e</abbr>
| |
| Toxicology
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * History of poison
| |
| * Toxinology
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fields
| |
| |
| |
| * Aquatic toxicology
| |
| * Ecotoxicology
| |
| * Occupational toxicology
| |
| * Entomotoxicology
| |
| * Environmental toxicology
| |
| * Forensic toxicology
| |
| * Medical toxicology
| |
| * In vitro toxicology
| |
| * Toxicogenomics
| |
| |-
| |
| !Concepts
| |
| |
| |
| * Acceptable daily intake
| |
| * Acute toxicity
| |
| * Bioaccumulation
| |
| * Biomagnification
| |
| * Fixed Dose Procedure
| |
| * Lethal dose
| |
| * Poison
| |
| * Toxic capacity
| |
| * Toxicant
| |
| ** Toxin
| |
| * Toxicity Class
| |
| * Venom
| |
| |-
| |
| !Treatments
| |
| |
| |
| * Activated carbon
| |
| * Antidote
| |
| * Cathartic
| |
| * Chelation therapy
| |
| * Gastric lavage
| |
| * Hemodialysis
| |
| * Hemoperfusion
| |
| * Whole bowel irrigation
| |
| |-
| |
| !Incidents
| |
| |
| |
| * 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| |
| * 2007 pet food recalls
| |
| * Bhopal disaster
| |
| * Minamata disease
| |
| * Niigata Minamata disease
| |
| * Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
| |
| * Seveso disaster
| |
| * Consumption of Tide Pods
| |
| * List of poisonings
| |
| |-
| |
| !Related topics
| |
| |
| |
| * Biological warfare
| |
| * Carcinogen
| |
| * Food safety
| |
| * Hazard symbol
| |
| * List of extremely hazardous substances
| |
| * Mutagen
| |
| * Occupational safety and health
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * '''Category'''
| |
| * '''Commons'''
| |
| * '''WikiProject'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Categories:
| |
| * Toxicology
| |
| | |
| == Navigation menu ==
| |
| * Not logged in
| |
| * Talk
| |
| * Contributions
| |
| * Create account
| |
| * Log in
| |
| | |
| * Article
| |
| * Talk
| |
| | |
| * Read
| |
| * Edit
| |
| * View history
| |
| | |
| * Main page
| |
| * Contents
| |
| * Featured content
| |
| * Current events
| |
| * Random article
| |
| * Donate to Wikipedia
| |
| * Wikipedia store
| |
| | |
| === Interaction ===
| |
| * Help
| |
| * About Wikipedia
| |
| * Community portal
| |
| * Recent changes
| |
| * Contact page
| |
| | |
| === Tools ===
| |
| * What links here
| |
| * Related changes
| |
| * Upload file
| |
| * Special pages
| |
| * Permanent link
| |
| * Page information
| |
| * Wikidata item
| |
| * Cite this page
| |
| | |
| === Print/export ===
| |
| * Create a book
| |
| * Download as PDF
| |
| * Printable version
| |
| | |
| === Languages ===
| |
| * Català
| |
| * 한국어
| |
| * Simple English
| |
| * Suomi
| |
| Edit links
| |
| * This page was last edited on 4 March 2017, at 19:45.
| |
| * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
| |
| ☀rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| |
| | |
| '''Acute toxicity''' describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure<sup>[1]</sup> or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).<sup>[2]</sup> To be described as ''acute'' toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
| |
| | |
| It is widely considered unethical to use humans as '''test''' subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, ''in vitro'' testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.<sup>[1][3]</sup>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [hide]
| |
| * 1Measures of acute toxicity
| |
| ** 1.1Regulatory values
| |
| ** 1.2Experimental values
| |
| * 2Responses and treatments
| |
| * 3References
| |
| | |
| == Measures of acute toxicity[edit] ==
| |
| | |
| === Regulatory values[edit] ===
| |
| Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
| |
| * Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| | |
| === Experimental values[edit] ===
| |
| * no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
| |
| * Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
| |
| * Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC<sub>0</sub>; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD<sub>0</sub>
| |
| * Minimum lethal concentration, LC<sub>min</sub>; Minimum lethal dose, LD<sub>min</sub>
| |
| * Median lethal concentration, LC<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal dose, LD<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal time, LT<sub>50</sub> (LT50)
| |
| * Absolute lethal concentration, LC<sub>100</sub>; Absolute lethal dose, LD<sub>100</sub>
| |
| The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
| |
| | |
| == Responses and treatments[edit] ==
| |
| When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
| |
| * Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
| |
| * Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
| |
| * Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
| |
| | |
| == References[edit] ==
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
| |
| # '''Jump up^'''
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
| |
| {| class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |[hide]
| |
| * <abbr>v</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>t</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>e</abbr>
| |
| Toxicology
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * History of poison
| |
| * Toxinology
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fields
| |
| |
| |
| * Aquatic toxicology
| |
| * Ecotoxicology
| |
| * Occupational toxicology
| |
| * Entomotoxicology
| |
| * Environmental toxicology
| |
| * Forensic toxicology
| |
| * Medical toxicology
| |
| * In vitro toxicology
| |
| * Toxicogenomics
| |
| |-
| |
| !Concepts
| |
| |
| |
| * Acceptable daily intake
| |
| * Acute toxicity
| |
| * Bioaccumulation
| |
| * Biomagnification
| |
| * Fixed Dose Procedure
| |
| * Lethal dose
| |
| * Poison
| |
| * Toxic capacity
| |
| * Toxicant
| |
| ** Toxin
| |
| * Toxicity Class
| |
| * Venom
| |
| |-
| |
| !Treatments
| |
| |
| |
| * Activated carbon
| |
| * Antidote
| |
| * Cathartic
| |
| * Chelation therapy
| |
| * Gastric lavage
| |
| * Hemodialysis
| |
| * Hemoperfusion
| |
| * Whole bowel irrigation
| |
| |-
| |
| !Incidents
| |
| |
| |
| * 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| |
| * 2007 pet food recalls
| |
| * Bhopal disaster
| |
| * Minamata disease
| |
| * Niigata Minamata disease
| |
| * Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
| |
| * Seveso disaster
| |
| * Consumption of Tide Pods
| |
| * List of poisonings
| |
| |-
| |
| !Related topics
| |
| |
| |
| * Biological warfare
| |
| * Carcinogen
| |
| * Food safety
| |
| * Hazard symbol
| |
| * List of extremely hazardous substances
| |
| * Mutagen
| |
| * Occupational safety and health
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * '''Category'''
| |
| * '''Commons'''
| |
| * '''WikiProject'''
| |
| |}
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| Categories:
| |
| * Toxicology
| |
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| == Navigation menu ==
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| * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| | | {{Reflist}} |
| == ☀rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ==
| |
| '''Acute toxicity''' describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure<sup>[1]</sup> or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).<sup>[2]</sup> To be described as ''acute'' toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
| |
| | |
| It is widely considered unethical to use humans as '''test''' subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, ''in vitro'' testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.<sup>[1][3]</sup>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [hide]
| |
| * 1Measures of acute toxicity
| |
| ** 1.1Regulatory values
| |
| ** 1.2Experimental values
| |
| * 2Responses and treatments
| |
| * 3References
| |
| | |
| == Measures of acute toxicity[edit] ==
| |
| | |
| === Regulatory values[edit] ===
| |
| Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
| |
| * Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| | |
| === Experimental values[edit] ===
| |
| * no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
| |
| * Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
| |
| * Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC<sub>0</sub>; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD<sub>0</sub>
| |
| * Minimum lethal concentration, LC<sub>min</sub>; Minimum lethal dose, LD<sub>min</sub>
| |
| * Median lethal concentration, LC<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal dose, LD<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal time, LT<sub>50</sub> (LT50)
| |
| * Absolute lethal concentration, LC<sub>100</sub>; Absolute lethal dose, LD<sub>100</sub>
| |
| The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
| |
| | |
| == Responses and treatments[edit] ==
| |
| When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
| |
| * Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
| |
| * Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
| |
| * Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
| |
| | |
| == References[edit] ==
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
| |
| # '''Jump up^'''
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
| |
| {| class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |[hide]
| |
| * <abbr>v</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>t</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>e</abbr>
| |
| Toxicology
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * History of poison
| |
| * Toxinology
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fields
| |
| |
| |
| * Aquatic toxicology
| |
| * Ecotoxicology
| |
| * Occupational toxicology
| |
| * Entomotoxicology
| |
| * Environmental toxicology
| |
| * Forensic toxicology
| |
| * Medical toxicology
| |
| * In vitro toxicology
| |
| * Toxicogenomics
| |
| |-
| |
| !Concepts
| |
| |
| |
| * Acceptable daily intake
| |
| * Acute toxicity
| |
| * Bioaccumulation
| |
| * Biomagnification
| |
| * Fixed Dose Procedure
| |
| * Lethal dose
| |
| * Poison
| |
| * Toxic capacity
| |
| * Toxicant
| |
| ** Toxin
| |
| * Toxicity Class
| |
| * Venom
| |
| |-
| |
| !Treatments
| |
| |
| |
| * Activated carbon
| |
| * Antidote
| |
| * Cathartic
| |
| * Chelation therapy
| |
| * Gastric lavage
| |
| * Hemodialysis
| |
| * Hemoperfusion
| |
| * Whole bowel irrigation
| |
| |-
| |
| !Incidents
| |
| |
| |
| * 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| |
| * 2007 pet food recalls
| |
| * Bhopal disaster
| |
| * Minamata disease
| |
| * Niigata Minamata disease
| |
| * Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
| |
| * Seveso disaster
| |
| * Consumption of Tide Pods
| |
| * List of poisonings
| |
| |-
| |
| !Related topics
| |
| |
| |
| * Biological warfare
| |
| * Carcinogen
| |
| * Food safety
| |
| * Hazard symbol
| |
| * List of extremely hazardous substances
| |
| * Mutagen
| |
| * Occupational safety and health
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * '''Category'''
| |
| * '''Commons'''
| |
| * '''WikiProject'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Categories:
| |
| * Toxicology
| |
| | |
| == Navigation menu ==
| |
| * Not logged in
| |
| * Talk
| |
| * Contributions
| |
| * Create account
| |
| * Log in
| |
| | |
| * Article
| |
| * Talk
| |
| | |
| * Read
| |
| * Edit
| |
| * View history
| |
| | |
| * Main page
| |
| * Contents
| |
| * Featured content
| |
| * Current events
| |
| * Random article
| |
| * Donate to Wikipedia
| |
| * Wikipedia store
| |
| | |
| === Interaction ===
| |
| * Help
| |
| * About Wikipedia
| |
| * Community portal
| |
| * Recent changes
| |
| * Contact page
| |
| | |
| === Tools ===
| |
| * What links here
| |
| * Related changes
| |
| * Upload file
| |
| * Special pages
| |
| * Permanent link
| |
| * Page information
| |
| * Wikidata item
| |
| * Cite this page
| |
| | |
| === Print/export ===
| |
| * Create a book
| |
| * Download as PDF
| |
| * Printable version
| |
| | |
| === Languages ===
| |
| * Català
| |
| * 한국어
| |
| * Simple English
| |
| * Suomi
| |
| Edit links
| |
| * This page was last edited on 4 March 2017, at 19:45.
| |
| * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.{{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| |
| | |
| '''Acute toxicity''' describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure<sup>[1]</sup> or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).<sup>[2]</sup> To be described as ''acute'' toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
| |
| | |
| It is widely considered unethical to use humans as '''test''' subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, ''in vitro'' testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.<sup>[1][3]</sup>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [hide]
| |
| * 1Measures of acute toxicity
| |
| ** 1.1Regulatory values
| |
| ** 1.2Experimental values
| |
| * 2Responses and treatments
| |
| * 3References
| |
| | |
| == Measures of acute toxicity[edit] ==
| |
| | |
| === Regulatory values[edit] ===
| |
| Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
| |
| * Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| * Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.<sup>[4]</sup>
| |
| | |
| === Experimental values[edit] ===
| |
| * no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
| |
| * Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
| |
| * Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC<sub>0</sub>; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD<sub>0</sub>
| |
| * Minimum lethal concentration, LC<sub>min</sub>; Minimum lethal dose, LD<sub>min</sub>
| |
| * Median lethal concentration, LC<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal dose, LD<sub>50</sub>; Median lethal time, LT<sub>50</sub> (LT50)
| |
| * Absolute lethal concentration, LC<sub>100</sub>; Absolute lethal dose, LD<sub>100</sub>
| |
| The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
| |
| | |
| == Responses and treatments[edit] ==
| |
| When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
| |
| * Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
| |
| * Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
| |
| * Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
| |
| | |
| == References[edit] ==
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
| |
| # '''Jump up^'''
| |
| # ^ Jump up to:<sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
| |
| {| class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |[hide]
| |
| * <abbr>v</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>t</abbr>
| |
| * <abbr>e</abbr>
| |
| Toxicology
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * History of poison
| |
| * Toxinology
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fields
| |
| |
| |
| * Aquatic toxicology
| |
| * Ecotoxicology
| |
| * Occupational toxicology
| |
| * Entomotoxicology
| |
| * Environmental toxicology
| |
| * Forensic toxicology
| |
| * Medical toxicology
| |
| * In vitro toxicology
| |
| * Toxicogenomics
| |
| |-
| |
| !Concepts
| |
| |
| |
| * Acceptable daily intake
| |
| * Acute toxicity
| |
| * Bioaccumulation
| |
| * Biomagnification
| |
| * Fixed Dose Procedure
| |
| * Lethal dose
| |
| * Poison
| |
| * Toxic capacity
| |
| * Toxicant
| |
| ** Toxin
| |
| * Toxicity Class
| |
| * Venom
| |
| |-
| |
| !Treatments
| |
| |
| |
| * Activated carbon
| |
| * Antidote
| |
| * Cathartic
| |
| * Chelation therapy
| |
| * Gastric lavage
| |
| * Hemodialysis
| |
| * Hemoperfusion
| |
| * Whole bowel irrigation
| |
| |-
| |
| !Incidents
| |
| |
| |
| * 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| |
| * 2007 pet food recalls
| |
| * Bhopal disaster
| |
| * Minamata disease
| |
| * Niigata Minamata disease
| |
| * Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
| |
| * Seveso disaster
| |
| * Consumption of Tide Pods
| |
| * List of poisonings
| |
| |-
| |
| !Related topics
| |
| |
| |
| * Biological warfare
| |
| * Carcinogen
| |
| * Food safety
| |
| * Hazard symbol
| |
| * List of extremely hazardous substances
| |
| * Mutagen
| |
| * Occupational safety and health
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |
| |
| * '''Category'''
| |
| * '''Commons'''
| |
| * '''WikiProject'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Categories:
| |
| * Toxicology
| |
| | |
| == Navigation menu ==
| |
| * Not logged in
| |
| * Talk
| |
| * Contributions
| |
| * Create account
| |
| * Log in
| |
| | |
| * Article
| |
| * Talk
| |
| | |
| * Read
| |
| * Edit
| |
| * View history
| |
| | |
| * Main page
| |
| * Contents
| |
| * Featured content
| |
| * Current events
| |
| * Random article
| |
| * Donate to Wikipedia
| |
| * Wikipedia store
| |
| | |
| === Interaction ===
| |
| * Help
| |
| * About Wikipedia
| |
| * Community portal
| |
| * Recent changes
| |
| * Contact page
| |
| | |
| === Tools ===
| |
| * What links here
| |
| * Related changes
| |
| * Upload file
| |
| * Special pages
| |
| * Permanent link
| |
| * Page information
| |
| * Wikidata item
| |
| * Cite this page
| |
| | |
| === Print/export ===
| |
| * Create a book
| |
| * Download as PDF
| |
| * Printable version
| |
| | |
| === Languages ===
| |
| * Català
| |
| * 한국어
| |
| * Simple English
| |
| * Suomi
| |
| Edit links
| |
| * This page was last edited on 4 March 2017, at 19:45.
| |
| * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
| |
| {{Stub}} | | {{Stub}} |
| [[Category:Rodents]] | | [[Category:Rodents]] |
| [[Category:Characters]] | | [[Category:Characters]] |
| [[Category:Animals]] | | [[Category:Animals]] |
| [[Category:Minor characters]]
| |
| [[Category:Male]] | | [[Category:Male]] |
| [[Category:A to Z]] | | [[Category:A to Z]] |
